-
1 Заместитель Министра иностранных дел
Foreign Ministry: Deputy Minister of Foreign AffairsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Заместитель Министра иностранных дел
-
2 Первый заместитель Министра иностранных дел
Foreign Ministry: First Deputy Minister of Foreign AffairsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Первый заместитель Министра иностранных дел
-
3 Статс-секретарь - заместитель Министра иностранных дел
Foreign Ministry: State Secretary/Deputy Minister of Foreign AffairsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Статс-секретарь - заместитель Министра иностранных дел
-
4 заместитель министра иностранных дел
Foreign Ministry: Deputy Minister of Foreign AffairsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > заместитель министра иностранных дел
-
5 министър
(cabinet) minister, secretary (of state), officer of stateминистър-председател a prime minister, premierзаместник- министър deputy-minister, англ. under secretaryминистър без портфейл a minister without portfolioпъл номощен министър minister plenipotentiaryминистър на вътрешните работи Minister for Internal Affairs, англ. Home Secretary, ам. Secretary of Justiceминистър на външните работи Minister for Foreign Affairs, англ. Foreign Secretary, ам. Secretary of Stateминистър на войната War Minister, англ. Secretary of State for War, ам. Secretary of War/of the Armyминистър на финансите Minister of Finance, англ. Chancellor of the Exchequer, ам. Secretary of the Treasuryминистър на просветата Minister of Educationангл. President of the Board of Educationминистър на пощите англ. Postmaster Generalминистър на марината англ. First Lord of the Admiralty, ам. Secretary of the Navy* * *минѝстър,м., -ри (cabinet) minister, secretary (of state), officer of state; заместник-\министърър deputy-minister, англ. under secretary; \министърър без портфейл minister without portfolio; \министърър на войната War Minister, англ. Secretary of State for War, амер. Secretary of War/of the Army; \министърър на външните работи Minister of Foreign Affairs, англ. Foreign Secretary, амер. Secretary of State; \министърър на вътрешните работи Minister for Internal Affairs, англ. Home Secretary, амер. Secretary of Justice; \министърър на марѝната англ. First Lord of the Admiralty, амер. Secretary of the Navy; \министърър на пощите англ. Postmaster General; \министърър на правосъдието Minister of Justice, англ. Lord (High) Chancellor, амер. Attorney General; \министърър на просветата Minister of Education; англ. President of the Board of Education; \министърър на финансите Minister of Finance, англ. Chancellor of the Exchequer, амер. Secretary of the Treasury; \министърър-председател prime minister, premier; пълномощен \министърър minister plenipotentiary.* * *minister: a министър without protfolio - министър без портфейл; officer of state; Parliamentary under-secretary (заместник); premier, prime-minister - министър-председател* * *1. (cabinet) minister, secretary (of state), officer of state 2. МИНИСТЪР -председател a prime minister, premier 3. МИНИСТЪР без портфейл a minister without portfolio 4. МИНИСТЪР на войната War Minister, англ. Secretary of State for War, ам. Secretary of War/of the Army 5. МИНИСТЪР на външните работи Minister for Foreign Affairs, англ. Foreign Secretary, ам. Secretary of State 6. МИНИСТЪР на вътрешните работи Minister for Internal Affairs, англ. Home Secretary, ам. Secretary of Justice 7. МИНИСТЪР на марината англ. First Lord of the Admiralty, ам. Secretary of the Navy 8. МИНИСТЪР на пощите англ. Postmaster General 9. МИНИСТЪР на правосъдието Minister of Justice, англ. Lord (High) Chancellor, ам. Attorney General 10. МИНИСТЪР на просветата Minister of Education 11. МИНИСТЪР на финансите Minister of Finance, англ. Chancellor of the Exchequer, ам. Secretary of the Treasury 12. англ. President of the Board of Education 13. заместник-МИНИСТЪР deputy-minister, англ. under secretary 14. пъл номощен МИНИСТЪР minister plenipotentiary -
6 министр
м.Minister, Secretary, Secretary of State ( в Англии)товарищ министра — deputy minister, Under Secretary ( в Англии)
министр иностранных дел — Minister for Foreign Affairs; Foreign Secretary ( в Англии); Secretary of State ( в США)
министр внутренних дел — Minister for Internal Affairs; Home Secretary ( в Англии); Secretary of the Interior ( в США)
министр финансов — Minister for Finance; Chancellor of the Exchequer ( в Англии)
министр обороны — Defence Minister; Secretary of State for Defence ( в Англии); Secretary of Defence ( в США)
-
7 міністр
чMinister; Secretaryміністр внутрішніх справ — Minister for Home Affairs; ( у Великій Британії) Home Secretary; ( в США) Secretary of the Interior
міністр закордонних справ — Minister for Foreign Affairs; ( у Великій Британії) Foreign Secretary; ( в США) Secretary of State
міністр фінансів (у Великій Британії) — Chancellor of the Exchequer; ( в США) Secretary of the Treasury
міністр оборони — Defence Minister; ( у Великій Британії) Secretary of State for Defence; ( в США) Secretary of Defence
морський міністр — Minister of the Marine; ( у Великій Британії) First Lord of the Admiralty; ( в США) Secretary of the Navy
заступник міністра — deputy minister, vice-minister, Parliamentary undersecretary
кабінет міністрів — ministry, cabinet
-
8 министр
м.minister; ( в Великобритании в названиях должностей нек-рых министров и в США) secretaryзамести́тель мини́стра — deputy minister; ( в США) undersecretary
помо́щник мини́стр — aide to the minister, assistant minister; ( в Великобритании) undersecretary; aide to the secretary
полномо́чный мини́стр — minister plenipotentiary
мини́стр иностра́нных дел — minister for foreign affairs; foreign minister; ( в Великобритании) Foreign Secretary; ( в США) Secretary of State
мини́стр вну́тренних дел — minister of the interior ( в США отсутствует); ( в Великобритании) Secretary of State for the Home Department, Home Secretary
мини́стр фина́нсов — minister of finance; ( в Великобритании) Chancellor of the Exchequer; ( в США) Secretary of the Treasury
мини́стр оборо́ны — defence minister; ( в Великобритании) Secretary of State for Defence; ( в США) Secretary of Defense
мини́стр без портфе́ля — minister without portfolio
-
9 Amado, Luis
(1953-)Portuguese economist, public servant, and politician. Amado received a degree in economics from the Technical University of Lisbon. He spent much of his life in the Madeira Islands and has been a representative in their Regional Assembly. He has been a consultant, and has held posts as advisor to the Portuguese National Defense Institute, Lisbon, and as visiting professor at Georgetown University. He became a prominent figure in the leadership of the Socialist Party (PS) and served in Madeira's regional government also as a Member of the Assembly of the Republic, Lisbon. Since the mid-1990s, he has held various posts in the national government, including secretary of state for foreign affairs and cooperation (1995-97), deputy secretary of state of internal administration (1997-99), secretary of state for foreign affairs (1999-2000), minister of defense (2005-06) and was named minister of foreign affairs since July 2006. He has received decorations from Spain, France, Belgium, Greece, Gabon, and Argentina. -
10 министр
муж.minister, secretary; secretary of State (Англия)кабинет министров — ministry, cabinet
заместитель министра — deputy minister, vice-minister, Parliamentary undersecretary
министр внутренних — Home Secretary; ( в США) Secretary of the Interior
министр иностранных дел — Foreign Secretary, Foreign Minister, Minister for Foreign Affairs
на уровне министров — on ministerial level, at minister level
-
11 Freitas do Amaral, Diogo
(1941-)Legal scholar and teacher, jurist, civil servant, and politician. Born in Povoa de Varzim, Freitas do Amaral's father became a member of parliament in the Estado Novo's National Assembly. A superb student, the young Freitas do Amaral studied law at the Law Faculty, University of Lisbon, and became the top law student and protégé of Professor Marcello Caetano, who in 1968 was selected to replace an ailing Antônio de Oliveira Salazar as prime minister. Freitas do Amaral received his doctorate in law in the late 1960s and remained close to his former law professor, who was now prime minister. In his scholarship on the history of Portuguese law, as well as in his political and social ideology as a conservative, Freitas do Amaral in many respects remained a student, protégé, and follower of Caetano through the period of Caetano's premiership (1968-74) and into the era of the Revolution of 25 April 1974. More than 20 years later, Freitas do Amaral published his memoirs, which focused on the 1968-74 political era, O Antigo Regime E A Revolução. Memórias Políticas ( 1941-75). This personal portrait of Caetano's tribulations as a sometimes reluctant, well-prepared but probably inappropriately selected national leader remains an invaluable primary source for historical reconstruction.During the early months after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Freitas do Amaral entered politics and became a founder of the right-wing Christian Democratic Party (CDS). He served as the party's leader to 1985 and again from 1988 to 1991, and was a member of parliament, the Assembly of the Republic, from 1975 to 1983 and from 1992 to 1993. When the Democratic Alliance, of which the CDS was a part, won elections in 1979-80, Freitas do Amaral served as deputy prime minister and minister of defense and, when Francisco de Sá Carneiro died in a mysterious air crash, Freitas do Amaral briefly served as interim prime minister. He was a candidate for the presidency in the 1986 presidential election, although he lost to Mário Soares. In 1995, he served as President of the United Nations General Assembly. As a European federalist who disagreed with the CDS Euroskeptic line followed by Paulo Portas, Freitas do Amaral broke with his party and resigned from it. Although he was usually regarded as a right-winger, Freitas do Amaral backed the Social Democratic Party in the 2002 Assembly of the Republic elections. Disillusioned with the government's policies and critical of its endorsement of the U.S. invasion of Iraq in March 2003, Freitas do Amaral shifted his support to the Socialist Party in the 2005 election. The new prime minister José Sôcrates named Freitas do Amaral minister of foreign affairs in the XVII Constitutional Government, but the senior jurist and politician resigned after a year in office, for health reasons.After many years as a law professor at the New University of Lisbon, in 2007, Freitas do Amaral delivered a final public lecture and retired from academia. He is the author of a biography of King Afonso I, a play, and of various legal and juridical studies and is considered the most eminent living scholar in the fields of administrative and constitutional law.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Freitas do Amaral, Diogo
-
12 פרס
n. Persia————————n. Shimon Peres, (born 1923), ninth Prime Minister of Israel, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs in Israel's 15th Parliamentary Cabinet————————v. be sliced————————v. be spread, stretched; to deploy————————v. to fan out, deploy, spread————————v. to have hoofs————————v. to slice————————v. to spread, stretch; deploy————————prize, reward, award, meed, premium, trophy, bounty————————vulture -
13 שמעון פרס
Shimon Peres (born 1923), ninth Prime Minister of Israel, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs in Israel's 15th Parliamentary Cabinet -
14 Egas Moniz, DR. Antônio Caetano
(1874-1955)Pioneer physician and neurosurgeon, sometime republican political figure, and minister during the First Republic, and Portugal's only Nobel Prize winner until 1998 (when the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to José Saramago). Trained as a doctor at Coimbra University's medical school, Egas Moniz was named a professor in 1902. In 1911, after having studied at several clinics in France, he was transferred to the Chair of Neurology at the University of Lisbon.In 1903, he began his involvement in politics when he was elected a deputy to the monarchy's parliament. During the early and middle phases of the First Republic, Egas Moniz became one of the more important moderate republican personalities in the Constituent Assembly, a leading member of José Almeida's Evolutionist Party, a founder of the Centrist Party, and a staunch supporter of presidentialism and President Sidônio Pais. In a sense a prophet without honor during some of the more difficult phases of the turbulent republic, Egas Moniz was Portugal's minister to Spain in 1917-18, then minister of foreign affairs. During 1919, he headed Portugal's delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference. Exhausted and disillusioned with politics and government service by mid-1919, he devoted the remainder of his active life to medical practice and neurological research and writing.In 1927, after intensive experimentation, Egas Moniz performed the first cerebral angiography on a patient; this X-ray provided vital information on the brain in terms of blood circulation within it, the most significant finding in half a century. In 1935, he pioneered a new type of brain operation. His great contributions to medicine and to neurosurgery were finally recognized in 1949, when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for the discovery of the uses of leucotomy in certain psychoses. His two fascinating memoirs ( Confidencias de um Investigador Científico, 1949, and A Nossa Casa, 1950) are among the more significant and prescient of Portuguese memorial works in modern times. A tenacious collector of plastic arts, his collection is housed in the Egas Moniz House-Museum at Avança (near Aveiro), northern Portugal, and other memorabilia related to this outstanding scientist are located in the Egas Moniz Museum, Lisbon.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Egas Moniz, DR. Antônio Caetano
-
15 ministro
m ministerministro degli Esteri Foreign Secretary, AE Secretary of Stateministro degli Interni Home Secretary, AE Secretary of the Interiorprimo ministro Prime Ministerconsiglio m dei ministri Cabinet* * *ministro s.m.1 (eccl.) minister, clergyman*, priest; (titolo) Minister: ministro della Chiesa, minister of religion2 (pol.) minister, secretary (of State): Primo ministro, Prime Minister, (o GB Premier); Consiglio dei Ministri, Cabinet; (della CEE) Council of Ministers // ministro senza portafoglio, Minister without portfolio // ministro dell'aeronautica, (GB) Secretary of State for Air (o Air Minister), (USA) Secretary of the Air Force // ministro degli (affari) esteri, Foreign Minister, (GB) Foreign Secretary, (USA) Secretary of State // ministro degli (affari) interni, Minister of the Interior, (GB) Home Secretary, (USA) Secretary of the Interior // ministro per gli affari sociali, (in Italia) Minister for Social Affairs // ministro dell'agricoltura e foreste, Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, (GB) Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, (USA) Secretary of Agri-culture // ministro dell'ambiente, Minister of the Environment, (GB) Secretary of State for the Environment // ministro per le aree urbane, (in Italia) Minister for Urban Development and Rehabilitation // ministro dei beni culturali, (in Italia) Minister for Arts and Culture // ministro del bilancio, (in Italia) Minister of the Budget // ministro del commercio con l'estero, (in Italia) Minister of Foreign Trade // ministro della difesa, Minister of Defence, (GB) Secretary of State for Defence (o Defence Secretary), (USA) Secretary of Defense // ministro delle finanze, Minister of Finance, (GB) Chancellor of the Exchequer, (USA) Secretary of the Treasury // ministro della funzione pubblica, (in Italia) Minister for the Civil Service // ministro di grazia e giustizia, Minister of Justice, (USA) Secretary of Justice (o Attorney General) // ministro della guerra, Minister of War, (GB) War Secretary (o form. Secretary of State for War), (USA) Secretary of War // ministro dell'industria, commercio e artigianato, Minister of Industry and Trade, (GB) President of the Board of Trade, (USA) Secretary of Commerce // ministro del lavoro e della previdenza sociale, Minister of Labour and Social Security, (USA) Secretary of Labor // ministro dei lavori pubblici, (in Italia) Minister of Public Works // ministro della marina, Minister of the Navy, (GB) First Lord of the Admiralty, (USA) Secretary of the Navy // ministro della marina mercantile, (in Italia) Minister of the Merchant Marine // ministro delle partecipazioni statali, (in Italia) Minister of State Investment // ministro per le politiche comunitarie, (nei paesi della CEE) Minister for EEC Policy // ministro delle poste e telecomunicazioni, Postmaster General // ministro della protezione civile, (in Italia) Minister for Civil Defence // ministro della pubblica istruzione, Minister of Education, (GB) Secretary of Education and Science, (USA) Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare // ministro per i rapporti col parlamento, (in Italia) Minister for Parliamentary Affairs // ministro della ricerca scientifica e tecnologica, (in Italia) Minister of Scientific Research and Technology // ministro della sanità, della salute, Minister of Health, (GB) Minister of Health and Social Security, (USA) Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare // ministro del tesoro, Minister of the Treasury, (GB) Chancellor of the Exchequer, (USA) Secretary of the Treasury // ministro dei trasporti e dell'aviazione civile, Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation, (GB) Secretary of State for Transport, (USA) Secretary of Transportation // ministro del turismo e dello spettacolo, (in Italia) Minister of Tourism and Culture3 (chi esercita un alto ufficio) minister4 (chi amministra) administrator, officer; (difensore) defender: i ministri della giustizia, the administrators of justice; ministro di pace, di civiltà, defender of peace, of civilization5 (diplomazia) (capo di legazione) minister: il Ministro d'Italia a Kabul, the Italian Minister in Kabul; ministro plenipotenziario, minister plenipotentiary.* * *[mi'nistro]sostantivo maschileprimo ministro — prime minister, premier
2) relig. minister, pastor3) dir. (diplomatico) minister•ministro dell'agricoltura — = agriculture minister; (in GB) Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food; (negli USA) Secretary of Agriculture
ministro dell'ambiente — (in GB) Environment Secretary (of State), Secretary of State o Minister for the Environment
ministro della difesa — (in GB) Secretary of State for Defence; (negli USA) Defense Secretary
ministro degli (affari) esteri — = foreign minister; (in GB) Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs; (negli USA) Secretary of State
ministro delle finanze — = finance minister
ministro di grazia e giustizia — = justice minister
ministro dell'interno — (in GB) Home Secretary; (negli USA) Secretary of the Interior
ministro del lavoro — (in GB) Minister of Employment; (negli USA) Secretary of Labor
ministro della pubblica istruzione — = minister for education
ministro della sanità — (in GB) Secretary of State for Health; (negli USA) Secretary of Health and Human Services
ministro del tesoro — = treasury minister; (in GB) Chancellor of the Exchequer; (negli USA) Treasury Secretary
ministro dei trasporti — (in GB) Secretary of State for Transport; (negli USA) Secretary of Transportation
* * *ministro/mi'nistro/ ⇒ 1sostantivo m.1 pol. (professione) minister; (titolo) (in GB) Secretary (of State); (negli USA) Secretary; primo ministro prime minister, premier; vice primo ministro deputy prime minister2 relig. minister, pastor; ministro del culto minister of religion3 dir. (diplomatico) ministerministro dell'agricoltura = agriculture minister; (in GB) Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food; (negli USA) Secretary of Agriculture; ministro dell'ambiente (in GB) Environment Secretary (of State), Secretary of State o Minister for the Environment; ministro della difesa (in GB) Secretary of State for Defence; (negli USA) Defense Secretary; ministro degli (affari) esteri = foreign minister; (in GB) Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs; (negli USA) Secretary of State; ministro delle finanze = finance minister; ministro di grazia e giustizia = justice minister; ministro ad interim acting minister; ministro dell'interno (in GB) Home Secretary; (negli USA) Secretary of the Interior; ministro del lavoro (in GB) Minister of Employment; (negli USA) Secretary of Labor; ministro senza portafoglio minister without portfolio; ministro della pubblica istruzione = minister for education; ministro della sanità (in GB) Secretary of State for Health; (negli USA) Secretary of Health and Human Services; ministro del tesoro = treasury minister; (in GB) Chancellor of the Exchequer; (negli USA) Treasury Secretary; ministro dei trasporti (in GB) Secretary of State for Transport; (negli USA) Secretary of Transportation. -
16 ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕРМИНЫ
@СНГ @Содружество Независимых Государств CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) @Российская Федерация Russian Federation @ автономная республика autonomous Republic @область oblast' (region) @район region ( also city district) @округ national territory/territorial district @край territory, region, district @город федерального подчинения federal city @Президент President @Канцелярия Президента President's Office @Генеральный Секретарь - General Secretary (of Soviet Communist Party);- Secretary-General (for leading official of the United Nations and of other international organizations)@зампред deputy chairman, vice-chairman, vice-premier @министр minister, @замминистра deputy minister @Премьер-министр @председатель правительства Prime Minister, Premier @Съезд Народных Депутатов Congress of People's Deputies @Федеральное Собрание Federal Assembly @Совет Федерации Federation Council (upper house of Parliament) @Государственная Дума State Duma (lower house of Parliament) @созвать Думу to convene the Duma @распустить Думу to disband the Duma @депутатская неприкосновенность immunity of the deputies @фракция faction @КПРФ @Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) @ЛДПР @Либерально-демократическая партия России RLDP (Russian Liberal-Democratic Party) @Наш дом — Россия "Our Home is Russia" @Аграрная депутатская группа Agrarian Deputy Group @Депутатская группа «Народовластие» The "People's Power" Deputy Group @Яблоко "Yabloko" @райсовет Regional Council @горсовет City Council @горисполком @городской исполнительный комитет City Executive Committee @народный суд People's court @народные заседатели People's assessors @Верховный суд Supreme Court @Конституционный суд Constitutional Court @Высший арбитражный суд Court of Final Arbitration @Прокуратура Public Prosecutor's Office @Генеральная прокуратура Prosecutor General's Office @прокурор prosecutor, Public Prosecutor @Министр юстиции США @Генеральный прокурор США Attorney General @Госплан @Госкомитет по планированию State Planning Committee @Министерство высшего и среднего образования Ministry of Higher and Secondary Education @Министерство тяжелой промышленности Ministry of Heavy Industry @Министерство обороны @МО Ministry of Defense @Министерство иностранных дел @МИД Ministry of Foreign Affairs @Министерство связи Ministry of Communications @Министерство внутренних дел Ministry of Internal Affairs @Министерство охраны окружающей среды и природных ресурсов Ministry for Environmental Protection and Natural Resources @Министр США Secretary (e.g. Secretary of State - ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕРМИНЫ иностранных дел) @Министр обороны Secretary of Defense @Федеральная служба безопасности @ФСБ State Security Service @государственные деятели statesmen/government officials @мэр mayor @мэрия mayor's office @Госсекретарь США Secretary of State (US) @палата представителей США Congress (US) @сенат Senate @Спикер Speaker of the House @секретарь партийной фракции whip @законодательные органы legislative bodies @исполнительные власти the executive branch, executive authorities @судебные власти the judiciary, judicial branch, authorities @центральная избирательная комиссия Central electoral commission @всеобщее избирательное право universal suffrage @баллотироваться to run for office @переизбираться to run for office again @лидировать to be in the lead, to play a leading role @финишировать to finish, end up @избиратели voters @избирательный округ electoral district @повторное голосование runoff election @повторные выборы repeat elections @Досрочные выборы early elections @выдвижение кандидатов nomination of candidates @предвыборная кампания electoral campaign @урна ballot box @бюллетень ballot @сдержки и противовесы checks and balances @вести переговоры to conduct negotiations @присоединение к договору accession to a treaty @наложить санкции impose sanctions @снять санкции lift sanctions @приостановить санкции suspend sanctions @МОП @Меморандум о понимании MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) @большая семерка G-7 @ОБСЕ @Организация по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe) @ЕС @Европейский Союз EU (European Union) @Словарь переводчика-синхрониста (русско-английский) > ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕРМИНЫ
-
17 Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira
(1889-1970)The Coimbra University professor of finance and economics and one of the founders of the Estado Novo, who came to dominate Western Europe's longest surviving authoritarian system. Salazar was born on 28 April 1889, in Vimieiro, Beira Alta province, the son of a peasant estate manager and a shopkeeper. Most of his first 39 years were spent as a student, and later as a teacher in a secondary school and a professor at Coimbra University's law school. Nine formative years were spent at Viseu's Catholic Seminary (1900-09), preparing for the Catholic priesthood, but the serious, studious Salazar decided to enter Coimbra University instead in 1910, the year the Braganza monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the First Republic. Salazar received some of the highest marks of his generation of students and, in 1918, was awarded a doctoral degree in finance and economics. Pleading inexperience, Salazar rejected an invitation in August 1918 to become finance minister in the "New Republic" government of President Sidónio Pais.As a celebrated academic who was deeply involved in Coimbra University politics, publishing works on the troubled finances of the besieged First Republic, and a leader of Catholic organizations, Sala-zar was not as modest, reclusive, or unknown as later official propaganda led the public to believe. In 1921, as a Catholic deputy, he briefly served in the First Republic's turbulent congress (parliament) but resigned shortly after witnessing but one stormy session. Salazar taught at Coimbra University as of 1916, and continued teaching until April 1928. When the military overthrew the First Republic in May 1926, Salazar was offered the Ministry of Finance and held office for several days. The ascetic academic, however, resigned his post when he discovered the degree of disorder in Lisbon's government and when his demands for budget authority were rejected.As the military dictatorship failed to reform finances in the following years, Salazar was reinvited to become minister of finances in April 1928. Since his conditions for acceptance—authority over all budget expenditures, among other powers—were accepted, Salazar entered the government. Using the Ministry of Finance as a power base, following several years of successful financial reforms, Salazar was named interim minister of colonies (1930) and soon garnered sufficient prestige and authority to become head of the entire government. In July 1932, Salazar was named prime minister, the first civilian to hold that post since the 1926 military coup.Salazar gathered around him a team of largely academic experts in the cabinet during the period 1930-33. His government featured several key policies: Portuguese nationalism, colonialism (rebuilding an empire in shambles), Catholicism, and conservative fiscal management. Salazar's government came to be called the Estado Novo. It went through three basic phases during Salazar's long tenure in office, and Salazar's role underwent changes as well. In the early years (1928-44), Salazar and the Estado Novo enjoyed greater vigor and popularity than later. During the middle years (1944—58), the regime's popularity waned, methods of repression increased and hardened, and Salazar grew more dogmatic in his policies and ways. During the late years (1958-68), the regime experienced its most serious colonial problems, ruling circles—including Salazar—aged and increasingly failed, and opposition burgeoned and grew bolder.Salazar's plans for stabilizing the economy and strengthening social and financial programs were shaken with the impact of the civil war (1936-39) in neighboring Spain. Salazar strongly supported General Francisco Franco's Nationalist rebels, the eventual victors in the war. But, as the civil war ended and World War II began in September 1939, Salazar's domestic plans had to be adjusted. As Salazar came to monopolize Lisbon's power and authority—indeed to embody the Estado Novo itself—during crises that threatened the future of the regime, he assumed ever more key cabinet posts. At various times between 1936 and 1944, he took over the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of War (Defense), until the crises passed. At the end of the exhausting period of World War II, there were rumors that the former professor would resign from government and return to Coimbra University, but Salazar continued as the increasingly isolated, dominating "recluse of São Bento," that part of the parliament's buildings housing the prime minister's offices and residence.Salazar dominated the Estado Novo's government in several ways: in day-to-day governance, although this diminished as he delegated wider powers to others after 1944, and in long-range policy decisions, as well as in the spirit and image of the system. He also launched and dominated the single party, the União Nacional. A lifelong bachelor who had once stated that he could not leave for Lisbon because he had to care for his aged mother, Salazar never married, but lived with a beloved housekeeper from his Coimbra years and two adopted daughters. During his 36-year tenure as prime minister, Salazar engineered the important cabinet reshuffles that reflect the history of the Estado Novo and of Portugal.A number of times, in connection with significant events, Salazar decided on important cabinet officer changes: 11 April 1933 (the adoption of the Estado Novo's new 1933 Constitution); 18 January 1936 (the approach of civil war in Spain and the growing threat of international intervention in Iberian affairs during the unstable Second Spanish Republic of 1931-36); 4 September 1944 (the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy and the increasing likelihood of a defeat of the Fascists by the Allies, which included the Soviet Union); 14 August 1958 (increased domestic dissent and opposition following the May-June 1958 presidential elections in which oppositionist and former regime stalwart-loyalist General Humberto Delgado garnered at least 25 percent of the national vote, but lost to regime candidate, Admiral Américo Tomás); 13 April 1961 (following the shock of anticolonial African insurgency in Portugal's colony of Angola in January-February 1961, the oppositionist hijacking of a Portuguese ocean liner off South America by Henrique Galvão, and an abortive military coup that failed to oust Salazar from office); and 19 August 1968 (the aging of key leaders in the government, including the now gravely ill Salazar, and the defection of key younger followers).In response to the 1961 crisis in Africa and to threats to Portuguese India from the Indian government, Salazar assumed the post of minister of defense (April 1961-December 1962). The failing leader, whose true state of health was kept from the public for as long as possible, appointed a group of younger cabinet officers in the 1960s, but no likely successors were groomed to take his place. Two of the older generation, Teotónio Pereira, who was in bad health, and Marcello Caetano, who preferred to remain at the University of Lisbon or in private law practice, remained in the political wilderness.As the colonial wars in three African territories grew more costly, Salazar became more isolated from reality. On 3 August 1968, while resting at his summer residence, the Fortress of São João do Estoril outside Lisbon, a deck chair collapsed beneath Salazar and his head struck the hard floor. Some weeks later, as a result, Salazar was incapacitated by a stroke and cerebral hemorrhage, was hospitalized, and became an invalid. While hesitating to fill the power vacuum that had unexpectedly appeared, President Tomás finally replaced Salazar as prime minister on 27 September 1968, with his former protégé and colleague, Marcello Caetano. Salazar was not informed that he no longer headed the government, but he never recovered his health. On 27 July 1970, Salazar died in Lisbon and was buried at Santa Comba Dão, Vimieiro, his village and place of birth.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira
См. также в других словарях:
Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade — Incumbent Eamon Gilmore sin … Wikipedia
Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands — Minister van Buitenlandse Zaken Coat of Arms … Wikipedia
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Denmark) — The Danish Minister for Foreign Affairs (Danish: Udenrigsminister) handles Denmark s foreign affairs. The Foreign Minister works in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. The current Minister for Foreign Affairs is Villy Søvndal. See also… … Wikipedia
Minister for Foreign Affairs (Luxembourg) — The Minister for Foreign Affairs (French: Ministre des Affaires étrangères) is a position in the Luxembourgian cabinet. The Minister for Foreign Affairs is responsible for determining Luxembourg s foreign policy and representing the government… … Wikipedia
Minister for Foreign Affairs (Greece) — The Minister for Foreign Affairs (Greek: Υπουργός Εξωτερικών) is the senior minister at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece, established on 3 April 1833. The current Minister for Foreign Affairs, since 11 November 2011 is the former… … Wikipedia
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan) — Pakistan This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Pakistan … Wikipedia
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Greece) — The Minister for Foreign Affairs ( el. Υπουργός Εξωτερικών) is the senior minister at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece. The current Minister for Foreign Affairs is Dora Bakoyannis. The Minister is one of the most important members of the … Wikipedia
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Bahamas) — The Minister of Foreign Affairs is the primary government officer in the Commonwealth of the Bahamas mandated to control foreign missions of the country. He is the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He has the responsibility of implementing … Wikipedia
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt) — This is a list of ministers heading the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Egypt. 1826 1844 : Baghous Bey Youssefian 1844 1850 : Artin Bey Shoukry 1850 1854 : Estefan Bey Rasmy (as deputy of the Diwan) 1854 1858 : Estefan Bey… … Wikipedia
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria) — This page lists the foreign ministers of Syria. The responsibilities of the Minister of Expatriates were merged on April 14 2011. Contents 1 Kingdom of Syria (1918 1920) 2 French Mandate of Syria (1920 1939) 3 Syrian Arab Republic (1939 1958) … Wikipedia
Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel — Israel This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Israel Basic Laws Jerusalem Law … Wikipedia
